Fall Kachelmann: Faktum oder in der 'Elsen-Falle' ...? (Teil 11)

Bunter Rock,..... super Sozialkompetenzen....vom selbsternannten möchte-gern Vorgesetzten.

Bitte kümmert euch um unsere Maschera. Sie hat bestimmt keinen Grund sich zu schämen.

Der Fall Kachelmann, die Objektivität und die Moral

Gestern kam in Panorama ein Beitrag, der meine Objektivität im Fall Kachelmann in Zweifel zog. Anlass: Ich hatte dem mutmaßlichen Opfer a. einen Anwalt empfohlen und b. angeboten, das von mir geplante Buch nach dem Urteil und vor Veröffentlichung zu lesen. Aufschrei. Nun wäre ich ja gar nicht mehr objektiv. Das ist nicht ohne Komik. Denn hier wird versucht, die Wahrheit ganz einfach auf den Kopf zu stellen. Doch fangen wir von vorne an: 1. Wie kommt Panorama an diesen Email-Verkehr? Diese Emails hatte außer mir und die Frau selbst nur das Gericht sowie wohl die Verteidigung von Kachelmann. Das mutmaßliche Opfer war in der Gerichtsverhandlung von Kachelmanns Ex-Verteidiger Birkenstock nach Kontakt mit mir befragt worden und hatte die Emails bereitwillig dem Gericht überlassen – denn da gibt es nichts zu verbergen. Gar nichts. 2. Was steht in diesem halben Dutzend Emails (vom 3. August bis 4. November) zwischen mir und der Radiomoderatorin, die ich noch nie gesprochen, geschweige denn getroffen habe?
jetzt lesen...

Science News
Humans Can Sense 'Smell Of Fear' In Sweat, Psychologist Says

ScienceDaily (Mar. 8, 2009) — When threatened, many animals release chemicals as a warning signal to members of their own species, who in turn react to the signals and take action. Research by Rice University psychologist Denise Chen suggests a similar phenomenon occurs in humans.
Given that more than one sense is typically involved when humans perceive information, Chen studied whether the smell of fear facilitates humans’ other stronger senses.
Chen and graduate student Wen Zhou collected “fearful sweat” samples from male volunteers. The volunteers kept gauze pads in their armpits while they were shown films that dealt with topics known to inspire fear.
Later, female volunteers were exposed to chemicals from the "fearful sweat” when they were fitted with a piece of gauze under their nostrils. They then viewed images of faces that morphed from happy to ambiguous to fearful. They were asked to indicate whether the face was happy or fearful by pressing buttons on a computer.
Exposure to the smell of fear biased women toward interpreting facial expressions as more fearful, but only when the expressions were ambiguous. It had no effect when the facial emotions were more discernable.
Chen’s conclusion is consistent with what’s been found with processing emotions in both the face and the voice. There, an emotion from one sense modulates how the same emotion is perceived in another sense, especially when the signal to the latter sense is ambiguous.
“Our findings provide direct behavioral evidence that human sweat contains emotional meanings,” Chen said. “They also demonstrate that social smells modulate vision in an emotion-specific way."
Smell is a prevalent form of social communication in many animals, but its function in humans is enigmatic. Humans have highly developed senses of sight and hearing. Why do we still need olfaction? Findings by Chen and Zhou offer insight on this topic. “The sense of smell guides our social perception when the more-dominant senses are weak,” Chen said.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090306142536.htm

The smell of fear does exist

Proband attached to olfactometer © Institute of Experimental Psychology, Department of Biological Psychology and Social Psychology, University of Düsseldorf
A research group headed by psychologist Prof. Dr. Bettina Pause from the Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, has proven that fear can be transmitted between two people via smell. It does not even have to be consciously perceived, proving that humans communicate chemically. Previous to this, such research was only known from the animal world.
The smell of somebody else's fear molecules activates the cerebral regions that are responsible for empathy and for recognising states of fear. These regions are the insular cortex, the cingulum and the fusiform cortex. Psychologists took samples of cold sweat from students just before they sat an important university exam. Subjects had to wear cotton pads under their arms for around 15 minutes before the exam. Sweat samples were also taken from the same subjects while they were working up a sweat on gym equipment.
These samples were processed and then presented to other subjects through an olfactometer, a device that delivers odour molecules at a constant temperature and flow rate. Subjects in the survey only perceived these odours very weakly. In fact, only half the subjects smelt the odour at all. The subject's brain activity was monitored by an MRI scanner during odour delivery. This highlighted those areas that are activated when subjects faced "fear". These areas handle emotional and social signals, are involved in the process of empathy and specialise in perceiving expressions of fear. By contrast, the presentation of sweat produced by doing sport failed to trigger any measurable responses.
http://www.research-in-germany.de/media-service/newsletter/nl-ausgabe-3/30806/the-smell-of-fear-does-exist.html

In the human nose?
Some evidence of real measurable sexual chemistry.

What scientists need is “a behavioral
assay that is really specific, that leaves no
doubt,” explains Alan Singer of the Monell
Chemical Senses Center. A few years ago,
Singer and Foteos Macrides of the Worcester
Foundation for Experimental Biology in
Massachusetts did find an assay that
worked with hamsters—but the experiment
would be hard to repeat with larger mammals.
It went as follows: First the
researchers anesthetized a male golden
hamster and placed it in a cage. Then they
let a normal male hamster into the same
cage. The normal hamster either ignored
the anesthetized stranger or bit its ears and
dragged it around the cage. Next the
researchers repeated the procedure with an
anesthetized male hamster on which they
had rubbed some vaginal secretions from a
female hamster. This time the normal male
hamster’s reaction was quite different:
instead of rejecting the anesthetized male,
the hamster tried to mate with it.
Eventually Singer isolated the protein
that triggered this clear-cut response.
“Aphrodisin,” as the researchers called it,
appears to be a carrier protein for a smaller
molecule that is tightly bound to it and may
be the real pheromone. The substance
seems to work through the VNO, since male
hamsters do not respond to it when their
VNOs have been removed.
Many other substances have powerful
effects on lower mammals, but the pheromones
involved have not been precisely identified and
it is not clear whether they activate the VNO or
the main olfactory system, or both.
Humans are “the hardest of all” mammals
to work with, Singer says. Yet some studies
suggest that humans may also respond to
some chemical signals from other people. In
1971, Martha McClintock, a researcher who is
now at the University of Chicago (she was
then at Harvard University), noted that college
women who lived in the same dormitory
and spent a lot of time together gradually
developed closer menstrual cycles. Though the
women’s cycles were randomly scattered
when they arrived, after a while their timing
became more synchronized.
McClintock is now doing a new study of
women’s menstrual cycles, based on her
findings from an experiment with rats.
When she exposed a group of female rats—
let’s call them the “A” rats—to airborne
“chemosignals” taken from various phases
of other rats’ estrous cycles, she discovered
that one set of signals significantly shortened
the A rats’ cycles, while another set
lengthened them. Now she wants to know
whether the same is true for humans—
whether there are two opposing
pheromones that can either delay or
advance women’s cycles. In this study, she
is focusing on the exact time of ovulation
rather than on synchrony.
The most direct scientific route to understanding
pheromones and the VNO may,
once again, be through genetics. Many
researchers, including Axel, Buck, and
Reed, are now racing to find the genes for
the receptor proteins that actually bind to
pheromones in the VNOs of rodents. These
genes would lead them to the first receptors
for pheromones ever identified in mammals—
a prize tool for studying the mechanism
and function of the VNO.
Once the genes for such receptors are
identified, it should be easy to find out
whether equivalent genes exist in humans.
Scientists could then determine, once and
for all, whether such genes are expressed in
the human nose. If they are, the receptors
may provide a new scientific clue to the
mystery of attraction between men and
women—some evidence of real, measurable
sexual chemistry.
INBY MAYA PINES
http://www.hhmi.org/senses/senses.pdf

die Objektivität und die Moral
von Bella am Sa 04 Dez 2010, 01:14